துணைத் தலைப்பு -6. நில பயன்பாடு குறித்த சமுதாய அறிவு

epy gad;ghL Fwpj;j rKjha mwpt[

- முனைவர்.S தினகரன்

ehd; jhd; g{kp

eP';fs; jhd; g{kp

g{kp ,we;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ

ehDk; eP';fSk; ehd; bfhiyahspfs

சூழலியல் அறிஞர் . `;vk;gh; blyf;nlh/

fpuhk';fspnyh my;yJ efu';fspnyh. xUtiubahUth; rhh;e;J thHf;Toa kf;fspd; Tl;lnk rKjhak; MFk;/ mth;fSf;fpilnaahd bjhlh;g[ bgha;ahd rhh;g[ epiyia xl;o mike;jpUf;Fk;/ rKjhak; vd;gJ mUfhikapy; ,Ug;gth;fs; jhd; vd;wpy;iy/ bjhHpy; hPjpahf xUtiubahUth; rhh;e;jth;fshft[k;,Uf;fyhk;/ Fath;fs;. bghw;bfhy;yh;fs; vd btt;ntW fpuhkj;ijr;rhh;e;jth;fshft[k; ,Uf;fyhk;/

tptrhak; cl;gl ve;j bjhHpy; hPjpahd mwpit j';fSf;Fs; tha;bkhHpahf guk;giu guk;giuahf ghpkhwpf;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;/

kughh;e;j mwpt[

rk;gujhakhd mwpt[ bghJthfnt Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpf;fhd kf;fs; rhh;e;jjhfnt ,Uf;Fk;/ mDgtnkh. fUj;njh my;yJ fz;Lgpog;ngh Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpiar; rhh;e;jjhft[k;. ePz;l ehl;fshf mitfis filgpoj;J tUthh;fs;/ j';fSf;nfw;wthW mtw;iw bkUTl;lnth. Tl;onah. Fiwj;njh fhy';fSf;F jFe;jthW rpW rpW khw;w';fis Vw;gLj;jp j';fSf;Fs; ghpkhwpf;bfhs;th;/ ,ijna kughh;e;j mwpt[ vd;gh;/ mnjneuj;jpy; fhyk; rhh;e;jjhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;/ filgpof;Fk; tHpKiwfs; vt;tst[ fhykhf ePof;fpwnjh me;j mst[f;F gHikahd kughh;e;jitahf ,Uf;Fk;/ mnjrkak; ve;jtpjkhd Mtz';fnsh. gjt[fnsh ,y;yhjjhy; mtw;wpd; gH';fhyr; rpwg;ig mwptJ fodnk/ mnjhL kl;Lky;yhky; g[Jg;g[J fUj;Jf;fisa[k; fz;Lgpog;g[fisa[k; bfhz;L brwpt{l;lg;gLtjhy; mjd; gHikj;jd;ikia KGikahf mwpaKotjpy;iy/

kughh;e;j mwpt[ xU Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhaj;jplkpUe;J te;jitahf ,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpakpy;iy/ ,it vt;thW rKjha';fspkpUe;J bgwg;gl;litahff;Tl ,Uf;fyhk;/ ,jd;|yk; brwpt{l;lg;bgw;W. brGikahd mwpitg;bgw;wpUf;f TLk;/ ghpl;rhh;j;j Kiwapy; ghjpg;gjd; |yk; nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l bray;Kiwfs; bjhHpy; hPjpahd mDTy';fis Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fyhk;/ cjhuzkhf. Fwpg;gpl;l tpijfis mjd; tsh;g;g[ KiwfnshL kw;wth;fsplkpUe;J bgw;wpUf;fyhk;/ Mdhy; j';fs; epy';fSf;nfw;wthW. NHYf;nfw;wthW. tsh;g;g[ Kiwfspy; rpW rpW khw;w';fs; bra;J nkYk; tpisr;ry; tpfpj';fis bgUf;fpapUf;fyhk;/ ,J khjphpahd kug[ rhh;e;j rKjha mwpit kw;wth;fSf;F bfhz;L brhy;tJ kpFe;j gadspf;Fk;/ mit(tpij) |yg;bghUs; khw;whfnth my;yJ bray;Kiw ghpkhw;wkhfnth (ePh; nrkpg;g[ bjhHpy;El;gk;) ,Uf;fyhk;/

bghJthfnt rKjha kug[rhh;e;j mwptpy; rpy FiwghLfs; cz;L/ mit m";"hdkhfnth my;yJ tp";"hdk; nghd;w khaj;njhw;wKilajhfnth ,Uf;fyhk;/

jpl;lk; 1 ~

epy tifg;gLj;Jjy; Fwpj;j rKjha mwpt[/

Kd;Diu ~

j';fs; mDgt mwpitf;bfhz;L tptrhapfs; epyj;ij vt;thW tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gJ Fwpj;j ,e;j Ma;t[. tptrhapfisg;gw;wp g[hpe;J bfhs;s khzth;fSf;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;/ mJkl;Lky;yhky;. tptrhapfs; vt;thW tpijia njh;t[ bra;fpwhh;fs;/ tpj;ij cgnahfpf;whh;fs;. ePh;g;ghrdj;ij vt;thW Kiwg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gJ nghd;w tpgu';fisa[k; khzth;fshy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoa[k;/

,e;j jpl;lj;ij mog;gilahf ,Utifbadg; gphpf;fyhk;/ xd;W j';fs; Chpy; cs;s tp=aKs;s tptrhapfsplkpUe;J fs Ma;it vt;thW nkw;bfhs;Sfpwhh;fs;? mjw;fhd tiuglj;ij bjhpt[ bra;fpwhh;fs; vd;gJ kw;bwhd;W nrfhpj;j jfty;fis vt;thW gs;spapYs;s Ma;tfj;jpnyh my;yJ tptrhaf;fy;Y}hpapy; cs;s Ma;tfj;jpnyh vt;thW Kiwikg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gjhFk;/

nehf;f';fs; ~

1/ tptrhapfs; epy';fis vt;thW tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gij milahsk; fhZtJ/

2/ ve;j khjphp tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vt;thW epy';fis nkyhz;ik bra;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij g[hpe;Jbfhs;Sjy;/

3/ vspikahd gFj;jha;t[fs; bfhz;L tptrhapfs; tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gij vt;thW Kiwikg;gLj;JtJ?

Muha;r;rp Kiw E}y; ~

ntz;oa cgfuz';fs; ~

epyj;jpw;fhd tUtha;j;Jiw tiuglk;. tz;z vGJfUtpfs;. jhs; kw;Wk; kz; Ma;tpw;fhd rhjd';fs; ml';foa fUtpfyj;bjhFjp/

gofs; ~

v c';fs; ,Ug;gplk; mUfpy; cs;s fsj;ij njh;t[ bra;at[k;/

v tUtha;j;Jiw rhh;e;j tiuglj;ij bgw;W mjid efbyLj;J itf;ft[k;/

v tpgukwpe;j tptrhapfis fsj;jpy; re;jpj;J vjw;fhf Ma;t[ nkw;bfhs;fpnwhk; vd;w mtrpaj;ij tpsf;ft[k;/

v tptrhapfsplk; vd;bdd;d tpukhd epy';fs; j';fsJ fs';fspy; cs;sd vd nfl;lwpat[k;/

v gy;ntW epy';fSf;f bry;Yk;nghJ epy';fs; gw;wpa tptu';fshd epytif. rhpt[ rhh;e;j jhtu';fs;. rj;J nkyhz;ik. ePh; gha;r;Rjy; ePh; ml;ltiz nkyhz;ik. tpisr;ry;. epyj;jpd; kjpg;g[. tUtha; nghd;w jfty;fis Fwpg;bgLf;ft[k;/

v xnu khjphpahd epy';fis tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;bfhLf;Fk;go tptrhapfsplk; nfl;Lf;bfhs;st[k;/

v tiuglj;jpypUe;J tiufl;lj;jpw;F khw;wk; bra;J xt;bthU tpjkhd epyg;gug;ig fzf;fplt[k;. gpd; mstpid mWjpapl;Lr;brhy;yt[k;.

v btt;ntW tpjkhd epy';fisg;gw;wpa ,ay;g[ Fz';fis (,aw;gz;g[fis) ml;ltizg;gLj;jt[k;/

bra;Kiw ~

v xt;bthU tpjkhd epy';fspypUe;J kz; khjphpia nrfhpf;ft[k;/

v epyj;jpy; cs;s PH nrfhpf;ft[k;. kpd; flj;Jjpwd;. nrhoak;. bghl;lhrpak; kw;Wk; gh*;gu*; jd;ik nghd;wtw;iw kz; Ma;tjw;fhd rhjd';fs; ml';fpa fUtpfyj;bjhFjp bfhz;L kjpg;gplt[k;/

v tptrhapfspd; bjhHpy;El;gk; Kiwahdjh? vd;W rhpghh;f;ft[k;/

Kot[iu ~

epyj;ij tifg;gLj;Jjy; Fwpj;j tptrhapfspd; bjhHpy;El;gj;jpy; cs;s epiw. Fiwfis fz;lwpt[k;/ rhh;g[ilik ,e;j Muha;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; |yk; tptrhapfs; vt;thW epyj;ij tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gJ Fwpj;J khzth;fs; mwpe;Jbfhs;syhk;/

v khw;w';fs;. tpist[fis fhuzpfs; Kjypad; Fwpj;J Ma;tJ khwptUk;/

jpl;lk; ~ 2

fhyj;jpw;nfw;whw;nghy; vt;thW epy nkyhz;ik bra;tJ vd;gJ Fwpj;jhd Ma;t[/

Kd;Diu ~

jh';fs; gl;Lzh;e;j mwpitf;bfhz;L vt;thW btt;ntW epy';fspy; epy nkyz;ik g[hpfpwhh;fs; vd;gnj ,t;tha;tpd; nehf;fkhFk;/ ,jd; |yk; khzth;fs; vd;d tpjkhd khw;w';fs; fhy';fSf;nfw;wthW (neh; kiwahfnth my;yJ vjph;kiwahfnth) epfH;fpwJ vd mwpayhk;/ mit Kiwna gaph; njh;t[. gaph; tifik cu cgnahfk;. jz;zPh; gha;r;Rk; neu tpfpjk;. gpur;ridfis vt;thW vjph;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;/ rpf;fd eltof;iffs;. tpisr;ry; Fwpj;J vd;bdd;d khw;w';fs; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gd Fwpj;jhFk;/ ,e;j Muha;r;rpahdJ ,U gFjpfisf;bfhz;lJ/ KjyhtJ. khzth;fs; j';fSf;F mUfhikapYs;s epy';fspy; ed;F mDgtKs;s tptrhapfSld; fye;J bfhz;L Ma;t[ bra;tJ. ,uz;lhtjhf mth;fsplkpUe;J bgw;w jfty;fis tptrha ty;Yeh;fSld; fye;jhnyhrpj;J mjd; kjpg;ig mWjpapLtJ/

nehf;f';fs; ~

v Fwpg;;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; epyj;jpy; epfGk; khw;w';fis fz;lwptJ/

v khw;w';fs;. tpist[fs;. ,l;Lr;bry;Yk; tpist[fs; Fwpj;J Ma;tJ

v vd;bdd;d tpjkhd tpist[fs; neuyhk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J thpirg;gLj;Jjy;/

v tptrhapfspd; mDgt mwpit. TLjy; jfty;fs; bfhz;L mjd; epiw Fiwfis mWjpapLjy;/

Muha;r;rp Kiw E}y; ~

ntz;oa cgfuz';fs; ~

tz;z vGJnfhs;fs;. jh';fs; kw;Wk; epyg;gad;ghL Fwpj;j TLjy; jfty;fs;/

tHpfs; ~

v j';fSf;F mUfhikapYs;s epyj;jpid njh;t[ bra;at[k;/

v ed;F mDgtKs;s tpthrapfis fsj;jpy; re;jpf;ft[k;/

v Muha;r;rpapd; nehf;fk; Fwpj;J tpsf;ft[k;

v Fiwe;jJ ,UgJ tUl';fspy; epfH;e;j khw;w';fis gjpt[ bra;a cj;njrpa[';fs;/

v gaph;. tifik. cuk;. ePh;gha;r;Rjy;. tpisr;ry; kw;Wk; epy Ma;tpy; ve;j tpjkhd gpur;ridfis vjph; bfhz;lhh;fs; nghd;w fhuzpfs; Fwpj;J fye;Jiuahlt[k;.

v epy';fspy; vd;d tpjkhd khw;w';fs; tpise;jd vd;gJ Fwpj;J tps';fpf;bfhs;s Kaw;rp bra;jy; ntz;Lk;/

v tptrhapfsplk; mjw;fhd fhuz';fisf;nfl;lwpat[k;/

v fye;Jiuahlypd; |yk; vd;bdd;dthW epfH;e;jpUf;fyk; vd;W fUj;J bjhptpf;ft[k;/

,Wjpahf mWjpapl;l jfty;fs; bfhz;L ,Wjpahf xg;gPl;L ml;ltizia jahhpf;ft[k;/

fhuzpfs;	1950-7-	1980-1990	1990-2010	khw;w';fs;	tpsf;fk;	tpist[fs;
gaph;
tifik
tpisr;ry;
gpwfhuzpfs;

neh;ikj;jft[ ~

v ,uz;lhk; jukhf bgwg;gl;l jfty;fisf;bfhz;L Fwpg;gpl;l fhy';fspy; Vw;gl;l khw;w';fs; Fwpj;J Ma;t[ bra;at[k;/

v mtw;iw fs Ma;tpy; bgwg;gl;l jfty;fSld; xg;gplt[k;/

Kot[iu ~

v tptrhapfs; eph;zapf;Fk; bjhHpy;El;;gj;jpd; epiw Fiwfis fz;lwpat[k;/

v rhh;g[j;jd;ik

v epy nkyhz;ikapy; fhy epiyfs; Fwpj;j khw;w';fis vt;thW tptrhapfs; czUfpwhh;fs; vd;gij khzth;fs; g[hpe;Jbfhs;thh;fs;/ nkYk; tptrhapfs; kPJ khpahijia Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhft[k; mika[k;/

v jpl;lk; ~

v rKjha gHf;f';fs; / kiH ePh; nrfhpg;g[ fl;likg;g[

Kd;Diu

kf;fs; bjhif bgUf;fj;jpy; ehSf;F ehs; ePh; fpilg;gJ mhpjhfp tUfpwJ/ braw;if Kiwapy; epyj;jo ePh; nrkpg;g[ Fwpj;J nahrpf;f ntz;oapUf;fpwJ/ Mdhy; ,k;khjphp nrfhpj;j ePh; Fiwe;j msnt cs;sJ/ nkYk; FWfpa nehf;fj;Jld; khRgLj;Jjy; |yk; Ruz;lg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;j Muha;r;rpapid FHe;ijfs; nkw;bfhs;Stjhy; gH';fhyj;jpy; ePh; nrkpg;g[ Kiw j';fspd; gFjpfspy; vt;thW ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J Muha tha;g;g[s;sJ/

nehf;f';fs; ~

v gy;ntW tpjkhd kiHePh; nrfhpg;g[ fl;likg;g[ Fwpj;J j';fs; gFjp kf;fs; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gij fz;lwptJ/

v gy;ntW gHf;f';fspd; |ykhd vt;tst[ kiH ePh; nrfukhfpwJ vd fzf;fplyhk;/

v nrfhpj;j kiHePh; gad;ghL Fwpj;j epiyapid mwpayhk;/

v fhuzpfs; Kjypad Fwpj;J

bra;Kiw E}y;

v tptrhapfSf;fhd Muha;r;rp gFjpia njh;e;bjLf;ft[k; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;

v cs;Ah; thdpiy Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpypUe;J kiH mst[ Fwpj;j jfty;fis bgwt[k;

v gH';fhy ePh; nrkpg;g[ Fwpj;j Kiwfis. fl;likg;gig. mjd; gad;ghLfis fz;lwpjy;/

v ,e;j Kiwfspd; |yk; vt;tst[ ePh; nrfukhfpwJ vd fzf;fplt[k;/ (epyg;gug;g[ x nrfhpg;gpd; )

v bgw;w jfty;fis fPH;fz;lthW ml;ltizg;gLj;jt[k;/

எழுதியவர் -- முனைவர்.S தினகரன், மதுரைக் கல்லூரி, மதுரை